Administrative Elements
Activities that are cooperative in nature cover a very broad field where cooperation is always inherent in human activities according to The Liang Gie called administration is; "The entire implementation process in every cooperative effort of a group of people to achieve certain goals". From the definition of The Liang Gie we get three elements of administration consisting of:
Activities involve two or more people
Activities carried out together
There are certain goals to be achieved.
The three elements are closely related to each other and integrated. If one of them does not exist, the activity cannot be called administration.
Relationship between Meanings and Administrative Definitions
Even with different wording, all the definitions mentioned above have the same core, which is to view administration as a type of activity, work activity, action or business. But the activities carried out are not only one kind but constitute a series of activities.
So, in fact administration can be seen as a series, but it can also be seen as a thought process. So broad was the field covered by the term administration, that Robert was prestigious to the point that the scope of other social sciences was due to cooperation in every aspect of life.
Branches of Administrative Sciences
In general, administrative science is divided into two major branches namely: state administration and commercial administration. The difference between these two branches of science lies in the focus of discussion or object of study.
State Administration
State administration has many definitions, which generally can be divided into two categories. First, the definition that sees the state administration is only within the executive. And second, the definition that looks at the scope of state administration includes all branches of government and matters relating to the public.
There is an interactive relationship between state administration and its social environment. Among the various elements of the social environment, the cultural element is the element that most influences the performance of the state administration.
Growth History of State Administration
From the description above it can be concluded, that there is a historical rope that assembles the development of the state administration. What has been achieved and given by the present state administration is inseparable from the tireless efforts made by the founding fathers and former administrative formers. Modern administration is full of efforts to put more pressure on public office in order to present all its activities to realize prosperity and serve the public interest. Therefore, state administration is not seen as "of the public" administration, but instead is "for the public" administration.
This idea is actually not new. This kind of orientation has been clearly stated in the teachings of Confucius and in Pericles "Funeral Speeches", even in the life of the ancient Egyptians. Historical evidence clearly proves systematic efforts, which were fomented by figures such as Cicero and Casiodorus. During the 16th - 18th century the establishment of the German and Austrian state administrative institutions had been set up by the Kameralists who saw administration as technology. State administration also received important attention in America, especially after this country became independent.
What stated by Cicero in De Officiis for example, can be found in the public code of ethics of the old kingdoms. The common thing that arises among them is the hope that the state administration carries out activities in the public interest and always develops people's prosperity. In other words, the state administration should not dredge their office pockets (corruption) for their own sake
Modern State Administration Approach
The evolutionary development of state administration is described through traditional approaches, behavioral approaches, decision making approaches (desisional) and ecological approaches. Specifically, the traditional approach reveals the influence of political science, as the mother of state administration, the rational approach to administration and the influence of the Scientific Management Movement on the development of state administration.
Among the four proposed approaches, there is no one approach that is superior to the other approaches, because every approach triumphs at one time, in addition to the awareness that each approach has advantages and disadvantages.
Because administration contains various disciplines, so the approach and methodology in administration is also diverse, so state administration is a dynamic field of study. Furthermore it is difficult to specifically apply the single best approach to certain aspects of administration. It would be more useful to use all four methods according to the accentuation of the observed symptoms.
Political influence on the state administration is always great, no matter what the time. This is caused by symptoms in all countries which indicate that each government is composed of three branches of government (legislative, executive and judiciary).
The ongoing relationship between administration and politics reflects the continuing relationship between the executive and the legislature, as reflected in the two stages of government, namely the political stage and the administration stage. If the first stage is the stage of policy formulation, then the second stage is the stage of implementing policies that have been determined in the first stage.
Understanding Administration According to Experts
Understanding Administration According to Experts
Understanding General Administration
Administration comes from Latin: Ad = intensive and administration = serving, helping, fulfilling. Administration refers to the activity or effort to help, serve, direct or regulate all activities in achieving a goal. Administration is the business and activities related to implementing policies to achieve goals.
Administration in the strict sense is an activity which includes: notes, correspondence, light bookkeeping, typing, agenda, and so on technical administration. Administration in a broad sense is the whole process of collaboration between two or more people to achieve goals by using certain infrastructure that is efficient and effective.
Understanding Administration According to Experts
The following is an understanding of administration according to experts:
1. Arthur Grager
Administration is the communication function of implementation and services of organizational slips.
2. George Terry
administration is the control, and organization of work, as well as the mobilization of those who apply it to achieve the goals set.
3. (Sondang.P. Siagian, 1973)
Administration is the whole process of cooperation between two or more people based on certain rationalities to achieve the stated goals.
4. William Leffingwell and Edwin Robinson
Administration is a branch of management that deals with the efficient implementation of office work, when and where the work must be done.
5. Ulbert
Administration in the strict sense is defined as the systematic preparation and recording of data and information both internally and externally for the purpose of providing information and making it easier to recover part or all of it. A narrow understanding of administration is better known as Administration.
6. Munawardi Reksohadiprowiro
"In the strict sense" administration means governance, including every neat and systematic arrangement and determination of facts and written with the aim of obtaining a comprehensive view and linkages between facts and other facts.
7. According to Wijana
Administration is "a combination of all low and high cost countries running government and police services.
8. Leonard D. White (1958)
Administration is a process that is common in all group efforts in both public or private companies.
9. Wiliaw H. Newman (1963)
Administration is the leadership and supervision of individual business groups to achieve common goals.
10. According to WH EVANS
Administration is a function related to management and direction of all stages of a company's operations in information processing materials, communication, and organizational memory.
11. According to Simon 1958
Administration as a group activity that collaborates to complete tasks together.
12. FX.Soedjadi 1989
Administration is the activity of office business procedures (notes, typing, duplicating, and so on).
13. According to Drs. Sutarto (1977) said
Administration is a whole series of structuring activities on the work carried out by a group of people in working together to achieve certain goals.
14. Soewarno Handayaningrat
said "Administration is narrowly derived from the word Administratie (Dutch) which includes cata-taking, correspondence, light bookkeeping, typing-typing, agenda and so on which are technical in administration" (1988: 2).
15. According to M / E Dimock and G.O Dimock
State Administration is part of public administration which has a broader field, which is the study of how institutions ranging from families to believe nations are organized, driven and driven.
16. Bachsan Mustafa, SH
State Administration is a combination of storied and regulated positions entrusted to legal bodies and legal bodies.
17. Wilson 1987
Administration as a science. Thinking about the official leadership of bureaucratic political supremacy arises from the difference between political and administrative functions, and assumptions about the superiority of political administrative functions. The classic slogan that was once offered when the political function ended was that the administrative function began, when the political end, administration - Wilson 1941.
18. John M. Pfiffer and Robert V
State administration is a process related to the implementation of government policies, guidance skills and techniques that are not limited in number, giving direction and purpose to try a number of people.
19. According to Prof. Dr. Prajudi Atmosudirdjo
The State Administration performing the function of government assistance means the government (officials) cannot fulfill their duties without the administration of the State.
20. Ordway Tead (1953)
explained that administration is a broad effort covering all fields to lead, strive for, regulate human cooperation activities aimed at specific goals and purposes.
21. According to The Liang Gie
said "Administration is broadly a series of activities carried out by a group of people in a partnership to achieve certain goals" (1980: 9).
22. according to Prof. Dr. S Prajudi Atmosudirjo, S.H.
Administration is the process and work procedure found in every business, whether state or private business, civil or military business, large or small business.
23. According to Dwight Waldo (1971)
Administration is a form of cooperative human effort that has a high level of rationality.
24. Elix A. Nigro and Lloyd G. Nigro (1977: 18)
Conclude that administration is:
1) cooperative group efforts carried out in a public environment
2) includes all branches of government and is a link between branches of government (executive, judiciary, and legislative).
3) Has an important role in the formulation of public policy (public policy) and is part of the political process
4) Very different from private administration
5) Closely connected with private groups and individuals in providing services to the community.
25. According to Syamsi (1985: 10)
"Administration is all activities in every collaborative effort carried out by a group or more people jointly and simultaneously to achieve the stated goals".
26. According to Soepardi (1988: 7)
"Administration is the whole process of cooperative activities carried out by a group or more people jointly and simultaneously to achieve the goals set.
Understanding General Administration
Administration comes from Latin: Ad = intensive and administration = serving, helping, fulfilling. Administration refers to the activity or effort to help, serve, direct or regulate all activities in achieving a goal. Administration is the business and activities related to implementing policies to achieve goals.
Administration in the strict sense is an activity which includes: notes, correspondence, light bookkeeping, typing, agenda, and so on technical administration. Administration in a broad sense is the whole process of collaboration between two or more people to achieve goals by using certain infrastructure that is efficient and effective.
Understanding Administration According to Experts
The following is an understanding of administration according to experts:
1. Arthur Grager
Administration is the communication function of implementation and services of organizational slips.
2. George Terry
administration is the control, and organization of work, as well as the mobilization of those who apply it to achieve the goals set.
3. (Sondang.P. Siagian, 1973)
Administration is the whole process of cooperation between two or more people based on certain rationalities to achieve the stated goals.
4. William Leffingwell and Edwin Robinson
Administration is a branch of management that deals with the efficient implementation of office work, when and where the work must be done.
5. Ulbert
Administration in the strict sense is defined as the systematic preparation and recording of data and information both internally and externally for the purpose of providing information and making it easier to recover part or all of it. A narrow understanding of administration is better known as Administration.
6. Munawardi Reksohadiprowiro
"In the strict sense" administration means governance, including every neat and systematic arrangement and determination of facts and written with the aim of obtaining a comprehensive view and linkages between facts and other facts.
7. According to Wijana
Administration is "a combination of all low and high cost countries running government and police services.
8. Leonard D. White (1958)
Administration is a process that is common in all group efforts in both public or private companies.
9. Wiliaw H. Newman (1963)
Administration is the leadership and supervision of individual business groups to achieve common goals.
10. According to WH EVANS
Administration is a function related to management and direction of all stages of a company's operations in information processing materials, communication, and organizational memory.
11. According to Simon 1958
Administration as a group activity that collaborates to complete tasks together.
12. FX.Soedjadi 1989
Administration is the activity of office business procedures (notes, typing, duplicating, and so on).
13. According to Drs. Sutarto (1977) said
Administration is a whole series of structuring activities on the work carried out by a group of people in working together to achieve certain goals.
14. Soewarno Handayaningrat
said "Administration is narrowly derived from the word Administratie (Dutch) which includes cata-taking, correspondence, light bookkeeping, typing-typing, agenda and so on which are technical in administration" (1988: 2).
15. According to M / E Dimock and G.O Dimock
State Administration is part of public administration which has a broader field, which is the study of how institutions ranging from families to believe nations are organized, driven and driven.
16. Bachsan Mustafa, SH
State Administration is a combination of storied and regulated positions entrusted to legal bodies and legal bodies.
17. Wilson 1987
Administration as a science. Thinking about the official leadership of bureaucratic political supremacy arises from the difference between political and administrative functions, and assumptions about the superiority of political administrative functions. The classic slogan that was once offered when the political function ended was that the administrative function began, when the political end, administration - Wilson 1941.
18. John M. Pfiffer and Robert V
State administration is a process related to the implementation of government policies, guidance skills and techniques that are not limited in number, giving direction and purpose to try a number of people.
19. According to Prof. Dr. Prajudi Atmosudirdjo
The State Administration performing the function of government assistance means the government (officials) cannot fulfill their duties without the administration of the State.
20. Ordway Tead (1953)
explained that administration is a broad effort covering all fields to lead, strive for, regulate human cooperation activities aimed at specific goals and purposes.
21. According to The Liang Gie
said "Administration is broadly a series of activities carried out by a group of people in a partnership to achieve certain goals" (1980: 9).
22. according to Prof. Dr. S Prajudi Atmosudirjo, S.H.
Administration is the process and work procedure found in every business, whether state or private business, civil or military business, large or small business.
23. According to Dwight Waldo (1971)
Administration is a form of cooperative human effort that has a high level of rationality.
24. Elix A. Nigro and Lloyd G. Nigro (1977: 18)
Conclude that administration is:
1) cooperative group efforts carried out in a public environment
2) includes all branches of government and is a link between branches of government (executive, judiciary, and legislative).
3) Has an important role in the formulation of public policy (public policy) and is part of the political process
4) Very different from private administration
5) Closely connected with private groups and individuals in providing services to the community.
25. According to Syamsi (1985: 10)
"Administration is all activities in every collaborative effort carried out by a group or more people jointly and simultaneously to achieve the stated goals".
26. According to Soepardi (1988: 7)
"Administration is the whole process of cooperative activities carried out by a group or more people jointly and simultaneously to achieve the goals set.
Definition of Stoichiometry and Types
Definition of Stoichiometry and Types of Stoichiometry
Definition of Stoikimetri
Definition of Stoichiometry and Types of Stoichiometry - Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that deals with a quantitative relationship that exists between reactants and products in chemical reactions. A reactant is a substance that participates in a chemical reaction, and also a product is a substance obtained as a result of a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometry
That stoichiometry depends on the fact that elements behave in ways that can or can be predicted, and also matter that cannot be created or destroyed.
Therefore, when the elements are combined then produce a chemical reaction, something that is known and also specific that will occur and the results of the reaction can be predicted based on the elements and also the amount involved. Stoichiometry is the mathematics behind chemistry.
The stoichiometry calculation can find out how the elements and also the components which are diluted in a solution whose concentration is known, react under experimental conditions. The word "Stoichiometry" is derived from the Greek word "stoicheion", meaning "element" and also "metron" means "size".
Law governing Stoichiometry.
Stoichiometry relies on laws such as the law of fixed comparison, the law of double comparison and also the law of conservation of mass.
The law of conservation of mass
By using physical laws such as the law of conservation of mass, which suggests that the reactant mass is the same as the mass of the product, Stoichiometry is used to gather information about the amount of various elements used in a chemical reaction.
The law of comparison is fixed
This law states that these chemical compounds (substances consisting of 2 (two) or more elements) which always contain the same proportion of an element (compounds with one type of atom) with mass.
The law of multiple comparisons
This law is one of the basic laws of stoichiometry, besides the fixed comparative law. Sometimes also called Dalton's law. It is said that, if 2 (two) elements form more than 1 compound between them, then the mass ratio of a second element that joins the fixed mass of the first two elements will have a ratio of a small amount of the whole.
Explanation of Stoichiometry
Based on the above laws, chemical reactions can be combined in a definite chemical ratio. The amount of each element must be the same in all reactions. In a balanced chemical reaction, the relationship between the amount of reactants and products will usually form an integer ratio. For example, in a reaction that forms ammonia (NH3), exactly 1 (one) nitrogen molecule (N2) reacts with 3 (three) hydrogen (H2) molecules to produce 2 NH3 molecules. This can be described as follows
N2 + 3H2 ——-> 2NH3
Thus, the Stoichiometry can be used to be able to calculate the amount is like the amount of product that can be produced if given a reactant and also the percentage of reactants made into a known product.
Stoichiometry type
Stoichiometry Reaction
Stoichiometry is often used to balance the chemical equations that can be found in reaction stoichiometry. This illustrates that the quantitative relationship between substances is caused by their participation in chemical reactions.
Stoichiometry Composition
The stoichiometry of this composition explains the quantitative (mass) relationship between an element in a compound. For example, the stoichiometry of the composition depicts the (mass) nitrogen with hydrogen that combines and becomes a complex ammonia. which is 1 mole of nitrogen and also 3 moles of hydrogen in each of 2 moles of ammonia. Mol is a unit used in chemistry for the amount of substances.
Gas Stoichiometry
The type of stoichiometry is related to a reaction involving a gas, which gas is at a temperature, pressure and also a volume that is known and can also be considered an ideal gas. For gases, the ideal volume ratio is the same as the ideal gas law, but the ratio of the mass of the single reaction must be calculated from the molecular mass of the reactants as well as the product, where the molecular mass is the mass of 1 (one) molecule of the substance.
The ideal gas is a theoretical gas consisting of 1 (one) set of randomly moving, non-interacting particles that obeys an ideal gas law. The ideal gas law is an equation of the ideal gas state. The ideal gas law equation is as follows:
"PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume and T is absolute temperature, n is gas mole and R is universal gas constant".
Definition of the stoichiometric ratio
A number of stoichiometry or reagent ratios (substances added to a system in order to create a chemical reaction) is the amount or also the ratio which, assuming that the results of a reaction are finished on the basis, among others are as follows:
All reagents consumed
There is no reagent deficit
There are no residual residues
The reaction will only occur or be created at a stoichiometric ratio
Definition of Stoikimetri
Definition of Stoichiometry and Types of Stoichiometry - Stoichiometry is a branch of chemistry that deals with a quantitative relationship that exists between reactants and products in chemical reactions. A reactant is a substance that participates in a chemical reaction, and also a product is a substance obtained as a result of a chemical reaction.
Stoichiometry
That stoichiometry depends on the fact that elements behave in ways that can or can be predicted, and also matter that cannot be created or destroyed.
Therefore, when the elements are combined then produce a chemical reaction, something that is known and also specific that will occur and the results of the reaction can be predicted based on the elements and also the amount involved. Stoichiometry is the mathematics behind chemistry.
The stoichiometry calculation can find out how the elements and also the components which are diluted in a solution whose concentration is known, react under experimental conditions. The word "Stoichiometry" is derived from the Greek word "stoicheion", meaning "element" and also "metron" means "size".
Law governing Stoichiometry.
Stoichiometry relies on laws such as the law of fixed comparison, the law of double comparison and also the law of conservation of mass.
The law of conservation of mass
By using physical laws such as the law of conservation of mass, which suggests that the reactant mass is the same as the mass of the product, Stoichiometry is used to gather information about the amount of various elements used in a chemical reaction.
The law of comparison is fixed
This law states that these chemical compounds (substances consisting of 2 (two) or more elements) which always contain the same proportion of an element (compounds with one type of atom) with mass.
The law of multiple comparisons
This law is one of the basic laws of stoichiometry, besides the fixed comparative law. Sometimes also called Dalton's law. It is said that, if 2 (two) elements form more than 1 compound between them, then the mass ratio of a second element that joins the fixed mass of the first two elements will have a ratio of a small amount of the whole.
Explanation of Stoichiometry
Based on the above laws, chemical reactions can be combined in a definite chemical ratio. The amount of each element must be the same in all reactions. In a balanced chemical reaction, the relationship between the amount of reactants and products will usually form an integer ratio. For example, in a reaction that forms ammonia (NH3), exactly 1 (one) nitrogen molecule (N2) reacts with 3 (three) hydrogen (H2) molecules to produce 2 NH3 molecules. This can be described as follows
N2 + 3H2 ——-> 2NH3
Thus, the Stoichiometry can be used to be able to calculate the amount is like the amount of product that can be produced if given a reactant and also the percentage of reactants made into a known product.
Stoichiometry type
Stoichiometry Reaction
Stoichiometry is often used to balance the chemical equations that can be found in reaction stoichiometry. This illustrates that the quantitative relationship between substances is caused by their participation in chemical reactions.
Stoichiometry Composition
The stoichiometry of this composition explains the quantitative (mass) relationship between an element in a compound. For example, the stoichiometry of the composition depicts the (mass) nitrogen with hydrogen that combines and becomes a complex ammonia. which is 1 mole of nitrogen and also 3 moles of hydrogen in each of 2 moles of ammonia. Mol is a unit used in chemistry for the amount of substances.
Gas Stoichiometry
The type of stoichiometry is related to a reaction involving a gas, which gas is at a temperature, pressure and also a volume that is known and can also be considered an ideal gas. For gases, the ideal volume ratio is the same as the ideal gas law, but the ratio of the mass of the single reaction must be calculated from the molecular mass of the reactants as well as the product, where the molecular mass is the mass of 1 (one) molecule of the substance.
The ideal gas is a theoretical gas consisting of 1 (one) set of randomly moving, non-interacting particles that obeys an ideal gas law. The ideal gas law is an equation of the ideal gas state. The ideal gas law equation is as follows:
"PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume and T is absolute temperature, n is gas mole and R is universal gas constant".
Definition of the stoichiometric ratio
A number of stoichiometry or reagent ratios (substances added to a system in order to create a chemical reaction) is the amount or also the ratio which, assuming that the results of a reaction are finished on the basis, among others are as follows:
All reagents consumed
There is no reagent deficit
There are no residual residues
The reaction will only occur or be created at a stoichiometric ratio
Understanding of the Atomic and Atomic Theory
Understanding of the Atomic and Atomic Theory According to the Most Complete Experts
Definition of Atom
Understanding Atom And Theory of Atom According to Experts Complete - "Atom" is derived from the Greek word "atomos" which means "can not be cut". In accordance with this understanding, atoms are particles that make up all objects of very small size.
Understanding Atom And Atom Theory
Definition of Atom
Inside the atom there are also sub-atoms, the atomic constituent particles that are smaller in size. It is difficult for us to be able to imagine how small this atom is, the single point at the end of this sentence alone has a length of about 20 million atoms. Each atom has a nucleus, consisting of
proton
neutron
electron
which moves quickly around the core. The electrons are at a different energy level, which is called the skin, each skin has a number of limits for an electron. If the electrons in the first shell can already meet the limit, then the electron will meet the second skin and so on.
electrons, neutrons and protons are the smallest parts of the atom, but modern scientists argue that protons and neutrons are composed of even smaller particles called quarks.
See the Core List:
Atomic Theories
The term "atom" was first used by an English chemist named "John Dalton" (1766-1844) when he proposed a theory of atoms in 1807.
Dalton states that all chemical elements are composed of very small particles, called atoms, which cannot or break apart when their chemicals are reacted. there is one more opinion that all chemical reactions are a result of joining or even separating of atoms. Dalton's atomic theory became the basis for modern science.
In the 20th century, the scientists began to make an atomic model.
As made by:
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) Ernest described a negatively charged electron that surrounds or envelops a positively charged nucleus.
Neils Bohr (1885-1962) Neils described a model with electrons following certain orbits.
Jame Chadwick (1891-1962) Chadwick shows a nucleus composed of particles called neutrons and protons.
Atomic mass
Atoms in different elements have varying masses. The mass depends on the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. A hydrogen atom has one proton and also has no neutrons, so it has only one atomic mass. The larger the atom's mass, the smaller the atom will be.
Atomic Number
These atoms of different substances have different numbers of protons in their nuclei. The number of protons in a nucleus is called the Atomic Number. If the number of protons in the nucleus changes, the atom will change into an atom with different properties than before.
Atomic force
The negatively charged electrons will be kept in orbit around the positively charged nucleus with an electromagnetic force. The pull force of the nucleus, which keeps a proton and also a neutron in the nucleus, is the most powerful force in the universe. The force is 100 (one hundred) times stronger than the electromagnetic force.
Electrical charge
Most of the atoms contained neutral electric charges, which means the number of protons that are positively charged and also the number of electrons with negative charges is the same. The charges which have this attractive force cancel each other out.
Atomic shape
These atoms have varying shapes, called isotopes. Each of these forms has the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons. So all the isotopes of an atom have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
These isotopes have the same physical properties, but have different chemical properties. Most of the atoms in an element are one type of element.
Definition of Atom
Understanding Atom And Theory of Atom According to Experts Complete - "Atom" is derived from the Greek word "atomos" which means "can not be cut". In accordance with this understanding, atoms are particles that make up all objects of very small size.
Understanding Atom And Atom Theory
Definition of Atom
Inside the atom there are also sub-atoms, the atomic constituent particles that are smaller in size. It is difficult for us to be able to imagine how small this atom is, the single point at the end of this sentence alone has a length of about 20 million atoms. Each atom has a nucleus, consisting of
proton
neutron
electron
which moves quickly around the core. The electrons are at a different energy level, which is called the skin, each skin has a number of limits for an electron. If the electrons in the first shell can already meet the limit, then the electron will meet the second skin and so on.
electrons, neutrons and protons are the smallest parts of the atom, but modern scientists argue that protons and neutrons are composed of even smaller particles called quarks.
See the Core List:
Atomic Theories
The term "atom" was first used by an English chemist named "John Dalton" (1766-1844) when he proposed a theory of atoms in 1807.
Dalton states that all chemical elements are composed of very small particles, called atoms, which cannot or break apart when their chemicals are reacted. there is one more opinion that all chemical reactions are a result of joining or even separating of atoms. Dalton's atomic theory became the basis for modern science.
In the 20th century, the scientists began to make an atomic model.
As made by:
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) Ernest described a negatively charged electron that surrounds or envelops a positively charged nucleus.
Neils Bohr (1885-1962) Neils described a model with electrons following certain orbits.
Jame Chadwick (1891-1962) Chadwick shows a nucleus composed of particles called neutrons and protons.
Atomic mass
Atoms in different elements have varying masses. The mass depends on the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. A hydrogen atom has one proton and also has no neutrons, so it has only one atomic mass. The larger the atom's mass, the smaller the atom will be.
Atomic Number
These atoms of different substances have different numbers of protons in their nuclei. The number of protons in a nucleus is called the Atomic Number. If the number of protons in the nucleus changes, the atom will change into an atom with different properties than before.
Atomic force
The negatively charged electrons will be kept in orbit around the positively charged nucleus with an electromagnetic force. The pull force of the nucleus, which keeps a proton and also a neutron in the nucleus, is the most powerful force in the universe. The force is 100 (one hundred) times stronger than the electromagnetic force.
Electrical charge
Most of the atoms contained neutral electric charges, which means the number of protons that are positively charged and also the number of electrons with negative charges is the same. The charges which have this attractive force cancel each other out.
Atomic shape
These atoms have varying shapes, called isotopes. Each of these forms has the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons. So all the isotopes of an atom have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
These isotopes have the same physical properties, but have different chemical properties. Most of the atoms in an element are one type of element.
Causes of Scientific Expansion of an Object
Causes of Scientific Expansion of an Object
The process of expansion is largely due to three things, namely an increase in temperature, high pressure, and too fast a flow rate. When there is an increase in temperature there will be a movement of pasticles that collide with each other. The existence of the collision caused natural expansion of the area or called expansion.
When high pressure enters a device it can also cause expansion. When the pressure approaches the maximum pressure in the design data, the unit will try to adjust itself to the surrounding pressure. This adjustment process is called expansion. This expansion has a maximum limit, meaning that the unit (tool) can no longer adjust to the existing pressure. This can cause an explosion and leakage.
Cause of Expansion
A flow rate that is too high can cause an expansion due to friction generated from the flowing fluid. When the flow rate is too high it can cause particles to jumble and move quickly. The process of expansion that occurs due to flow rate has a principle that is not much different from the expansion caused by rising temperatures.
Loss Due to Expansion
Examples of losses arising from expansion are as follows:
Glass or bowl broken or broken glass when filled with hot water suddenly. This happens because the glass does not easily conduct heat so that when filled with hot water, heat does not spread quickly. As a result, the inside of the glass expands faster than the outside.
The railroad tracks are curved during the day because the rails are stretching, while the rails are bound by fastening bolts. This aims to overcome the curvature of the rails, at each rail connection given a gap.
Glass on windows or glass on doors, cracks or breaks on hot days. This is because glass expansion is greater than wood expansion. To prevent the glass from breaking, the glass frame is made wider (loose) than the glass.
Bridges can be curved or broken when the air temperature rises. This can be overcome by making a gap (cavity) on the bridge supporting poles or making a gap at each bridge beam connection.
Car or motorcycle engine parts expand when the engine is running. As a result, the sound of the engine becomes rough and the rotating part becomes a rotating strike. This can be overcome by cooling the engine by entering the coolant.
The power cable is installed rather loose. If installed in a tense position, at night the temperature is lower, the electric cable shrinks and can break.
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: Heat: Definition, Displacement, Capacity, Type, and Formulas with Complete Examples
Examples of Expansion in Life
Installation of steel wheels
Steel tires whose diameter is smaller than the wheel rim, when it will be done installation must be heated first. The goal is that the steel tire expands and makes it easier to install. When returning to normal temperature (space) the results of the installation will be stronger.
Installation of steel wheels
Drying
Drying is the process of connecting two metal plates using a special hammer. The two plates that will be joined, then the rivets that have been heated to smoldering are used to connect, after which they are struck with a special hammer to be flat.
When it cools again, the nails shrink and the two plates can be tightly connected. In this day and age, drilling is often done in the construction of bridges, automotive factories, shipbuilding, connecting pipes, cars and airplanes, and in the past the days of drying were often used to make carts.
Drying
Glass bottles that have metal caps are often difficult to open. to open it, close the bottle preheat first with apai. when heated, the lid of the metal bottle will expand faster than the glass bottle so the lid will be loose and easily opened.
Bimetallic chip
Bimetal means two metals. Bimetallic pieces are two pieces of metal that have different length expansion coefficients (usually brass and iron) riveted together. Bimetallic pieces are very sensitive to temperature changes. at normal temperatures the lengths of the two metals are the same, if the temperature rises, the two metals expand with different lengths, as a result the bimetal chip bends toward the metal which has the smallest coefficient. Bimetallic bending can be used for various purposes such as a bimetal alarm switch, or a bimetal thermometer.
Bimetallic chip
Applied to fire alarms, bimetallic pieces are used as alarm switches. In the event of a fire the room temperature will increase, causing the bimetal chip to expand in the direction of metals whose coefficient is smaller. When the bimetal chip expands and warps, the curved bimetal chip touches the end of a separate electrical circuit, so that the circuit is connected and an electric current will flow through the bimetal chip and an alarm will sound.
Railroad connection
Railroad installation must provide a gap between one rail bar and another rail bar. If during the day and the temperature rises, the railroad bar will expand so that there will be an increase in length or expansion, with a gap not causing a collision between two adjacent rail bars which can cause the railroad to bend. So to adjust the distance or gap must be calculated so that the action causes changes that are too large on the rail.
Bridge construction
Bridges are often made of iron frames. Bridge frame made of iron will expand if the temperature rises, between the end of the bridge frame with a concrete pole is given an expansion gap. In addition the tip is placed on the wheel. When it expands, the frame gets longer. The presence of the wheels and the slits facilitates the lengthening and shortening of the frame, so as to avoid bending.
The process of expansion is largely due to three things, namely an increase in temperature, high pressure, and too fast a flow rate. When there is an increase in temperature there will be a movement of pasticles that collide with each other. The existence of the collision caused natural expansion of the area or called expansion.
When high pressure enters a device it can also cause expansion. When the pressure approaches the maximum pressure in the design data, the unit will try to adjust itself to the surrounding pressure. This adjustment process is called expansion. This expansion has a maximum limit, meaning that the unit (tool) can no longer adjust to the existing pressure. This can cause an explosion and leakage.
Cause of Expansion
A flow rate that is too high can cause an expansion due to friction generated from the flowing fluid. When the flow rate is too high it can cause particles to jumble and move quickly. The process of expansion that occurs due to flow rate has a principle that is not much different from the expansion caused by rising temperatures.
Loss Due to Expansion
Examples of losses arising from expansion are as follows:
Glass or bowl broken or broken glass when filled with hot water suddenly. This happens because the glass does not easily conduct heat so that when filled with hot water, heat does not spread quickly. As a result, the inside of the glass expands faster than the outside.
The railroad tracks are curved during the day because the rails are stretching, while the rails are bound by fastening bolts. This aims to overcome the curvature of the rails, at each rail connection given a gap.
Glass on windows or glass on doors, cracks or breaks on hot days. This is because glass expansion is greater than wood expansion. To prevent the glass from breaking, the glass frame is made wider (loose) than the glass.
Bridges can be curved or broken when the air temperature rises. This can be overcome by making a gap (cavity) on the bridge supporting poles or making a gap at each bridge beam connection.
Car or motorcycle engine parts expand when the engine is running. As a result, the sound of the engine becomes rough and the rotating part becomes a rotating strike. This can be overcome by cooling the engine by entering the coolant.
The power cable is installed rather loose. If installed in a tense position, at night the temperature is lower, the electric cable shrinks and can break.
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: Heat: Definition, Displacement, Capacity, Type, and Formulas with Complete Examples
Examples of Expansion in Life
Installation of steel wheels
Steel tires whose diameter is smaller than the wheel rim, when it will be done installation must be heated first. The goal is that the steel tire expands and makes it easier to install. When returning to normal temperature (space) the results of the installation will be stronger.
Installation of steel wheels
Drying
Drying is the process of connecting two metal plates using a special hammer. The two plates that will be joined, then the rivets that have been heated to smoldering are used to connect, after which they are struck with a special hammer to be flat.
When it cools again, the nails shrink and the two plates can be tightly connected. In this day and age, drilling is often done in the construction of bridges, automotive factories, shipbuilding, connecting pipes, cars and airplanes, and in the past the days of drying were often used to make carts.
Drying
Glass bottles that have metal caps are often difficult to open. to open it, close the bottle preheat first with apai. when heated, the lid of the metal bottle will expand faster than the glass bottle so the lid will be loose and easily opened.
Bimetallic chip
Bimetal means two metals. Bimetallic pieces are two pieces of metal that have different length expansion coefficients (usually brass and iron) riveted together. Bimetallic pieces are very sensitive to temperature changes. at normal temperatures the lengths of the two metals are the same, if the temperature rises, the two metals expand with different lengths, as a result the bimetal chip bends toward the metal which has the smallest coefficient. Bimetallic bending can be used for various purposes such as a bimetal alarm switch, or a bimetal thermometer.
Bimetallic chip
Applied to fire alarms, bimetallic pieces are used as alarm switches. In the event of a fire the room temperature will increase, causing the bimetal chip to expand in the direction of metals whose coefficient is smaller. When the bimetal chip expands and warps, the curved bimetal chip touches the end of a separate electrical circuit, so that the circuit is connected and an electric current will flow through the bimetal chip and an alarm will sound.
Railroad connection
Railroad installation must provide a gap between one rail bar and another rail bar. If during the day and the temperature rises, the railroad bar will expand so that there will be an increase in length or expansion, with a gap not causing a collision between two adjacent rail bars which can cause the railroad to bend. So to adjust the distance or gap must be calculated so that the action causes changes that are too large on the rail.
Bridge construction
Bridges are often made of iron frames. Bridge frame made of iron will expand if the temperature rises, between the end of the bridge frame with a concrete pole is given an expansion gap. In addition the tip is placed on the wheel. When it expands, the frame gets longer. The presence of the wheels and the slits facilitates the lengthening and shortening of the frame, so as to avoid bending.
Types of Expansion of an Object
Types of Expansion of an Object
Most substances will experience an enlargement if heated or reduced when cooled. When a substance is heated, the molecules contained in the substance will vibrate faster and the amplitude of the vibration will increase in size, as a result the distance between the molecules of the object will become larger and an expansion occurs. . Expansion can occur in solids, liquids, and gases. The magnitude of the expansion of a substance is very dependent on the initial size of the object, the rise in temperature, and the type of substance. The effect of the expansion of substances is very useful in the development of various types of technology.
Types and Types of Expansion
Expansion is divided into three types, namely expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. These three types will be explained as follows:
Expansion of solids
Expansion of solids is a type of expansion that occurs on an object, for example such as window frames, railroad tracks, and electrical cables. The window frame during the day looks curved, this happens because the object is experiencing expansion. Expansion of an object occurs in all parts of the object. Expansion of a solid is divided into three, namely length expansion, extensive expansion, and volume expansion.
a. Long expansion
Long expansion is increasing the length of an object because it receives heat. In the expansion of the length and width values are very small compared to the length value of the object. So width and thickness are considered absent. Examples of objects that only experience lengthy expansion are very small, very long wires.
Expansion of an object's length is influenced by several factors, namely the object's initial length, the coefficient of expansion length and the magnitude of temperature change. The length expansion coefficient of an object itself is influenced by the type of object or type of material. Mathematically the equation used to determine the length of the object after it is heated at a certain temperature is:
In the installation of the electrical network cable, the length of the power cable is overestimated, this is because the power cable has experienced a long expansion. The power cable will look tight in the morning and look loose in the afternoon. The cable has been expanded due to heat exposure from the sun. The tool used to investigate length expansion is musschenbroek. Expansion of an object's length is influenced by the object's initial length, the amount of temperature rise, and depends on the type of object.
b. Extensive expansion
Broad expansion is the increase in the size of an object because it receives heat. Extensive expansion occurs on objects that have a length and width, while the thickness is very small and is considered to be absent. Examples of objects that have extensive expansion is the glass window of the house. In a cold air the glass shrinks because the glass expansion coefficient is greater than the wood expansion coefficient. If the temperature rises, the glass will expand more than the wood frame so that the glass will look tightly attached to the wooden frame.
As in the case of broad expansion factors affecting the expansion of area are initial area, coefficient of expansion area, and temperature change. Because the actual expansion of the area is a length expansion in terms of two dimensions, then the coefficient of expansion of the area is equal to 2 times the coefficient of expansion of length. To determine the final area and volume increase the following equation is used:
c. Volume expansion
Volume expansion
Volume expansion is an increase in the size of an object's volume because it receives heat. Volume expansion occurs with objects of length, width and thickness. Examples of objects that have a volume expansion are cubes, water and air. Volume is another form of length in 3 dimensions because it is to determine the volume expansion coefficient equal to 3 times the length expansion coefficient. The equation used to determine the increase in volume and final volume of an object is:
Volume expansion
Liquid expansion
Expansion of liquid does not involve expansion or expansion, but is only known as expansion or volume expansion. The higher the temperature applied to the liquid, the greater the volume expansion. Expansion of liquid for each type of liquid is different, as a result, although initially the volume of liquid is the same, but after heating the volume becomes different. The expansion of liquid volume is related to the expansion of pressure due to an increase in temperature. The meeting point between liquid, solid, and gas forms is called a triple point.
Especially for water
Especially for water, the temperature increase from 0oC to 4oC does not increase in volume but instead shrinks. This exception is called the water anomaly. Therefore, at 4oC the water has the lowest volume. At 4oC the water occupies the smallest position so that at that temperature water has the largest density. So the water if the temperature is increased from 0 - 4oC will shrink, and if the temperature is increased from 4oC upward will expand. The relationship between volume and temperature in water is illustrated in the following graph:
Especially for water 2
Gas expansion
The gas expands when the temperature increases and will shrink if the temperature drops. In gas expansion there is no known expansion of long and wide expansion, there is only expansion of the volume of the gas. Expansion to gas is volume expansion which is formulated as follows:
V = V_o (1 + y.∆l)
Information:
y: volume expansion coefficient (1 / 273oC)
Expansion of the gaseous substance is divided into three types, namely expansion of the gas at a fixed temperature (isothermal), at a constant pressure (isobaric), and a fixed volume (isochhoric).
a. Gas expansion when isothermal
One example is a pump to fill the wind on a bicycle tire. Initially it will feel light (when removed), but over time it will become more severe. This is because when pressing the pump, it means the volume of the gas will decrease. Expansion of gas at a constant temperature applies Boyle's law which states that gas in a closed room whose temperature is kept constant, the product of pressure and volume of the gas is fixed. Based on this, it is formulated:
PV = Fixed or P_1 V_1 = P_2 V_2
Information :
P: pressure (atm)
V: volume (L)
b. Gas expansion when isobaric
Expansion of the gas at a constant pressure applies Gay Lussac's law, that is, the gas in a closed chamber with a constant pressure is maintained, the volume of the gas is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. In the form of an equation can be written as follows:
V1 / (T1) = V2 / T2
Information:
V: volume (L)
T: temperature (K)
c. Gas expansion when isochoric
Expansion of gas at a fixed volume applies Boyle-Gay Lussac's law that if the volume of gas in a closed room is kept constant, the gas pressure is equal to its absolute temperature. This law is formulated:
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
Information:
P: pressure (atm)
T: temperature (K)
The Substance Expansion Concept
Application of the Expansion of Substance Substance in Daily Life
The principle of expansion of many substances is applied in everyday life. The following are a few examples of their application:
Installation of Window Glass
Installation of window glass also takes into account the expansion space for glass because the coefficient of expansion of the glass is greater than the coefficient of wood expansion where the glass is installed. This is very important to avoid bending the frame.
Railroad Connection Installation
Railroad connection must provide a gap between one rail bar and another rail bar. If the temperature rises, the railroad bar will expand until it will grow longer. With the expansion of inter rail space, there will be no pressure between rails which will result in the rail being bent.
Installation of the Iron Frame on the Pedati Wheel
The frame of the cart wheel in normal circumstances is made slightly smaller than its place so that it is not possible to be installed directly in its place. To install the frame, the iron must first be heated until it expands and its size will become larger than its place, making it easier to install the frame. When the temperature cools, the size of the frame shrinks again and is firmly in place.
Installation of Electric and Telephone Networks
Electrical or telephone network cables are installed loose from one pole to another so that when the air is cold the cable length will be slightly reduced and tightened. If the cable is not installed loose, then when there is a shrinkage the cable will be disconnected.
Most substances will experience an enlargement if heated or reduced when cooled. When a substance is heated, the molecules contained in the substance will vibrate faster and the amplitude of the vibration will increase in size, as a result the distance between the molecules of the object will become larger and an expansion occurs. . Expansion can occur in solids, liquids, and gases. The magnitude of the expansion of a substance is very dependent on the initial size of the object, the rise in temperature, and the type of substance. The effect of the expansion of substances is very useful in the development of various types of technology.
Types and Types of Expansion
Expansion is divided into three types, namely expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. These three types will be explained as follows:
Expansion of solids
Expansion of solids is a type of expansion that occurs on an object, for example such as window frames, railroad tracks, and electrical cables. The window frame during the day looks curved, this happens because the object is experiencing expansion. Expansion of an object occurs in all parts of the object. Expansion of a solid is divided into three, namely length expansion, extensive expansion, and volume expansion.
a. Long expansion
Long expansion is increasing the length of an object because it receives heat. In the expansion of the length and width values are very small compared to the length value of the object. So width and thickness are considered absent. Examples of objects that only experience lengthy expansion are very small, very long wires.
Expansion of an object's length is influenced by several factors, namely the object's initial length, the coefficient of expansion length and the magnitude of temperature change. The length expansion coefficient of an object itself is influenced by the type of object or type of material. Mathematically the equation used to determine the length of the object after it is heated at a certain temperature is:
In the installation of the electrical network cable, the length of the power cable is overestimated, this is because the power cable has experienced a long expansion. The power cable will look tight in the morning and look loose in the afternoon. The cable has been expanded due to heat exposure from the sun. The tool used to investigate length expansion is musschenbroek. Expansion of an object's length is influenced by the object's initial length, the amount of temperature rise, and depends on the type of object.
b. Extensive expansion
Broad expansion is the increase in the size of an object because it receives heat. Extensive expansion occurs on objects that have a length and width, while the thickness is very small and is considered to be absent. Examples of objects that have extensive expansion is the glass window of the house. In a cold air the glass shrinks because the glass expansion coefficient is greater than the wood expansion coefficient. If the temperature rises, the glass will expand more than the wood frame so that the glass will look tightly attached to the wooden frame.
As in the case of broad expansion factors affecting the expansion of area are initial area, coefficient of expansion area, and temperature change. Because the actual expansion of the area is a length expansion in terms of two dimensions, then the coefficient of expansion of the area is equal to 2 times the coefficient of expansion of length. To determine the final area and volume increase the following equation is used:
c. Volume expansion
Volume expansion
Volume expansion is an increase in the size of an object's volume because it receives heat. Volume expansion occurs with objects of length, width and thickness. Examples of objects that have a volume expansion are cubes, water and air. Volume is another form of length in 3 dimensions because it is to determine the volume expansion coefficient equal to 3 times the length expansion coefficient. The equation used to determine the increase in volume and final volume of an object is:
Volume expansion
Liquid expansion
Expansion of liquid does not involve expansion or expansion, but is only known as expansion or volume expansion. The higher the temperature applied to the liquid, the greater the volume expansion. Expansion of liquid for each type of liquid is different, as a result, although initially the volume of liquid is the same, but after heating the volume becomes different. The expansion of liquid volume is related to the expansion of pressure due to an increase in temperature. The meeting point between liquid, solid, and gas forms is called a triple point.
Especially for water
Especially for water, the temperature increase from 0oC to 4oC does not increase in volume but instead shrinks. This exception is called the water anomaly. Therefore, at 4oC the water has the lowest volume. At 4oC the water occupies the smallest position so that at that temperature water has the largest density. So the water if the temperature is increased from 0 - 4oC will shrink, and if the temperature is increased from 4oC upward will expand. The relationship between volume and temperature in water is illustrated in the following graph:
Especially for water 2
Gas expansion
The gas expands when the temperature increases and will shrink if the temperature drops. In gas expansion there is no known expansion of long and wide expansion, there is only expansion of the volume of the gas. Expansion to gas is volume expansion which is formulated as follows:
V = V_o (1 + y.∆l)
Information:
y: volume expansion coefficient (1 / 273oC)
Expansion of the gaseous substance is divided into three types, namely expansion of the gas at a fixed temperature (isothermal), at a constant pressure (isobaric), and a fixed volume (isochhoric).
a. Gas expansion when isothermal
One example is a pump to fill the wind on a bicycle tire. Initially it will feel light (when removed), but over time it will become more severe. This is because when pressing the pump, it means the volume of the gas will decrease. Expansion of gas at a constant temperature applies Boyle's law which states that gas in a closed room whose temperature is kept constant, the product of pressure and volume of the gas is fixed. Based on this, it is formulated:
PV = Fixed or P_1 V_1 = P_2 V_2
Information :
P: pressure (atm)
V: volume (L)
b. Gas expansion when isobaric
Expansion of the gas at a constant pressure applies Gay Lussac's law, that is, the gas in a closed chamber with a constant pressure is maintained, the volume of the gas is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas. In the form of an equation can be written as follows:
V1 / (T1) = V2 / T2
Information:
V: volume (L)
T: temperature (K)
c. Gas expansion when isochoric
Expansion of gas at a fixed volume applies Boyle-Gay Lussac's law that if the volume of gas in a closed room is kept constant, the gas pressure is equal to its absolute temperature. This law is formulated:
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
Information:
P: pressure (atm)
T: temperature (K)
The Substance Expansion Concept
Application of the Expansion of Substance Substance in Daily Life
The principle of expansion of many substances is applied in everyday life. The following are a few examples of their application:
Installation of Window Glass
Installation of window glass also takes into account the expansion space for glass because the coefficient of expansion of the glass is greater than the coefficient of wood expansion where the glass is installed. This is very important to avoid bending the frame.
Railroad Connection Installation
Railroad connection must provide a gap between one rail bar and another rail bar. If the temperature rises, the railroad bar will expand until it will grow longer. With the expansion of inter rail space, there will be no pressure between rails which will result in the rail being bent.
Installation of the Iron Frame on the Pedati Wheel
The frame of the cart wheel in normal circumstances is made slightly smaller than its place so that it is not possible to be installed directly in its place. To install the frame, the iron must first be heated until it expands and its size will become larger than its place, making it easier to install the frame. When the temperature cools, the size of the frame shrinks again and is firmly in place.
Installation of Electric and Telephone Networks
Electrical or telephone network cables are installed loose from one pole to another so that when the air is cold the cable length will be slightly reduced and tightened. If the cable is not installed loose, then when there is a shrinkage the cable will be disconnected.
Understanding Temperature With Changes And Measuring Devices
Understanding Temperature With Changes And Measuring Devices
Definition of Temperature
Temperature shows a degree of heat on the body. Or simply, the higher the temperature of the object, the hotter the object. Microscopically, temperature indicates the energy possessed by an object. At each atom in each object moves, both in the form of displacement or motion at the vibration location. The higher the energy of the atoms making up an object, the higher the temperature of the object.
Temperature can also be called temperature measured by a device called a thermometer. There are four types of thermometers that are best known, namely Celsius, Fahrenheit, Reaumur and Kelvin. The comparison between one type of thermometer with another follows:
C: R: (F-32) = 5: 4: 9
K = C + 273. (degree)
Because from Kelvin to degrees Celsius, Kelvin starts from 273 degrees, not from -273 degrees. And degrees Celsius starting at 0 degrees. Kelvin temperature is the same ratio to degrees Celsius which is 5: 5, then to change the temperature to another temperature, it is better to use or change it to degrees Cecius first, because if we use Kelvin it will be more complicated to change it to another temperature.
Measuring instrument
Qualitatively, we can see that temperature is a sensation of cold or warmth of an object that is felt when touching it, with this we can find out by using a thermometer. The temperature can be measured using a thermometer that contains mercury or alcohol. The word thermometer is taken from two words namely "thermo" which means "heat" and meter which means "to measure".
Thermometer type
Some types of thermometers include:
alcohol thermometer
basal thermometer
mercury thermometer
oral thermometer
Galileo thermometer
infrared thermometer
liquid crystal thermometer
thermistor
Thermometers are often used
Thermometers are usually used as follows:
Bulb thermometer (mercury or alcohol)
Use a bulb (large bubble) at the bottom of the container to store the liquid, as well as a narrow tube (caliper hole) as a suppressor to change the volume or place of expansion of the liquid.
In principle, a liquid's volume changes with temperature. The liquid that is removed is sometimes a colored alcohol but it can also be a metallic liquid called mercury, both of which can expand when heated and shrink when cooled.
There are numbers along the glass tube which is a sign of the amount of temperature.
Its advantages are that it is not easily contaminated with chemicals, does not require assistive devices, is relatively inexpensive, and its weaknesses are easily broken, easily contaminated with liquids (alcohol or mercury), glass / glass contamination, and complicated measurement procedures (dyeing).
Spring thermometer
Using a coil (flat plate) made of metal that is sensitive to heat, at the tip of the spering is a pointer.
If the air is hot, the coil (metal) expands so that the pointer moves up, whereas if the metal air cools the pointer moves down.
The use of a spring thermometer must always protect the capillary tube and the sensor tip (probe) against friction or impact.
Non-contact thermometer
Infrared thermometer can detect temperature with an optical object as long as the object is observed, infrared radiation energy is measured, and given as temperature, by knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissions, the temperature of the object can be distinguished.
Electronic thermometer
Two types are used in processing, namely thermocouple and resistance thermometer. Typically, industries use nominal resistance of 100 ohms at 0 ° C so it is called a Pt-100 sensor. Pt is a symbol for platinum, 100 ohm sensor standard sensitivity is nominal 0.385 ohms / 0 ° C, RTDs with sensitivity of 0.375 and 0.392 ohms / 0 ° C also exist.
Understanding Expansion, Kinds, Types, Formulas, Concepts, Effects and Examples is the increase in the size of objects that occur due to an increase in the temperature of a substance. When a material is warming, its volume always increases and each dimension increases simultaneously
Understanding Expansion
Expansion is an increase in the size of an object that occurs due to an increase in the temperature of a substance. When a material experiences heating, its volume always increases and each dimension increases simultaneously (De Chiara, 1978). At the microscopic level can determine the accuracy of the relationship between the length of the object with changes in temperature, the increase in size can be understood in terms of increasing kinetic energy due to each molecule colliding very strongly with the molecule next to it. Molecules will push each other apart and develop material (Joseph, 1998).
Understanding Expansion is the increase in an object's size due to an increase in the temperature of the substance. The expansion can occur in substances that are solid, liquid, and also gas. The magnitude of the expansion of the substance is very dependent on the size of the first object, the rise in temperature and also the type of substance. The effect of the expansion of these substances is very useful in the development of various technologies.
Understanding heat expansion is the change in an object that can be increased in length, width, area, or also changes in volume due to heat exposure. The expansion of each object will be different, depending on the surrounding temperature and also the expansion coefficient or also the expansion power of the object.
Definition of Temperature
Temperature shows a degree of heat on the body. Or simply, the higher the temperature of the object, the hotter the object. Microscopically, temperature indicates the energy possessed by an object. At each atom in each object moves, both in the form of displacement or motion at the vibration location. The higher the energy of the atoms making up an object, the higher the temperature of the object.
Temperature can also be called temperature measured by a device called a thermometer. There are four types of thermometers that are best known, namely Celsius, Fahrenheit, Reaumur and Kelvin. The comparison between one type of thermometer with another follows:
C: R: (F-32) = 5: 4: 9
K = C + 273. (degree)
Because from Kelvin to degrees Celsius, Kelvin starts from 273 degrees, not from -273 degrees. And degrees Celsius starting at 0 degrees. Kelvin temperature is the same ratio to degrees Celsius which is 5: 5, then to change the temperature to another temperature, it is better to use or change it to degrees Cecius first, because if we use Kelvin it will be more complicated to change it to another temperature.
Measuring instrument
Qualitatively, we can see that temperature is a sensation of cold or warmth of an object that is felt when touching it, with this we can find out by using a thermometer. The temperature can be measured using a thermometer that contains mercury or alcohol. The word thermometer is taken from two words namely "thermo" which means "heat" and meter which means "to measure".
Thermometer type
Some types of thermometers include:
alcohol thermometer
basal thermometer
mercury thermometer
oral thermometer
Galileo thermometer
infrared thermometer
liquid crystal thermometer
thermistor
Thermometers are often used
Thermometers are usually used as follows:
Bulb thermometer (mercury or alcohol)
Use a bulb (large bubble) at the bottom of the container to store the liquid, as well as a narrow tube (caliper hole) as a suppressor to change the volume or place of expansion of the liquid.
In principle, a liquid's volume changes with temperature. The liquid that is removed is sometimes a colored alcohol but it can also be a metallic liquid called mercury, both of which can expand when heated and shrink when cooled.
There are numbers along the glass tube which is a sign of the amount of temperature.
Its advantages are that it is not easily contaminated with chemicals, does not require assistive devices, is relatively inexpensive, and its weaknesses are easily broken, easily contaminated with liquids (alcohol or mercury), glass / glass contamination, and complicated measurement procedures (dyeing).
Spring thermometer
Using a coil (flat plate) made of metal that is sensitive to heat, at the tip of the spering is a pointer.
If the air is hot, the coil (metal) expands so that the pointer moves up, whereas if the metal air cools the pointer moves down.
The use of a spring thermometer must always protect the capillary tube and the sensor tip (probe) against friction or impact.
Non-contact thermometer
Infrared thermometer can detect temperature with an optical object as long as the object is observed, infrared radiation energy is measured, and given as temperature, by knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissions, the temperature of the object can be distinguished.
Electronic thermometer
Two types are used in processing, namely thermocouple and resistance thermometer. Typically, industries use nominal resistance of 100 ohms at 0 ° C so it is called a Pt-100 sensor. Pt is a symbol for platinum, 100 ohm sensor standard sensitivity is nominal 0.385 ohms / 0 ° C, RTDs with sensitivity of 0.375 and 0.392 ohms / 0 ° C also exist.
Understanding Expansion, Kinds, Types, Formulas, Concepts, Effects and Examples is the increase in the size of objects that occur due to an increase in the temperature of a substance. When a material is warming, its volume always increases and each dimension increases simultaneously
Understanding Expansion
Expansion is an increase in the size of an object that occurs due to an increase in the temperature of a substance. When a material experiences heating, its volume always increases and each dimension increases simultaneously (De Chiara, 1978). At the microscopic level can determine the accuracy of the relationship between the length of the object with changes in temperature, the increase in size can be understood in terms of increasing kinetic energy due to each molecule colliding very strongly with the molecule next to it. Molecules will push each other apart and develop material (Joseph, 1998).
Understanding Expansion is the increase in an object's size due to an increase in the temperature of the substance. The expansion can occur in substances that are solid, liquid, and also gas. The magnitude of the expansion of the substance is very dependent on the size of the first object, the rise in temperature and also the type of substance. The effect of the expansion of these substances is very useful in the development of various technologies.
Understanding heat expansion is the change in an object that can be increased in length, width, area, or also changes in volume due to heat exposure. The expansion of each object will be different, depending on the surrounding temperature and also the expansion coefficient or also the expansion power of the object.
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