Development of Nutrition status in the World
The public health problem in Indonesia is a problem of under nutrition and over nutrition. Growth patterns and nutritional status are indicators of well-being. Therefore, there is a need for a nutritional program that is useful to encourage both of these.
Nutrition problems cause the quality of human resources to be low. The objectives of the food and nutrition program developed to achieve Healthy Indonesia 2018 are:
Increasing the availability of staple food commodities with sufficient quantities, of adequate quality and available at all times through increased production and diversification and the development of processed production.
Increasing diversification of food consumption to strengthen household level food security.
Improve nutrition services to achieve a state of good nutrition by reducing the prevalence of undernutrition and over nutrition.
Increasing family independence in an effort to improve nutritional status to achieve a healthy life.
Scope of Nutrition
The scope is quite broad, starting from the way food production, postharvest changes (food supply, food distribution and processing, food consumption and how to use food by the body that is healthy and sick).
Nutrition is related to agronomy, animal husbandry, food science, microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology and medicine. Nutrition information provided to the community, which includes nutrition of individuals, families and communities; Institutional nutrition and sports nutrition.
Development of clinical nutrition:
History and assessment of the patient's nutritional status.
Physical examination related to iron deficiency.
Anthropometric examination and follow-up of the disorder.
Radiological examination and laboratory tests with the patient's nutritional status.
Oral, enteral and parenteral supplementation.
Reciprocal interactions between nutrients and drugs.
Food additives (coloring, flavoring and the like and contaminants).
Definition of Nutrition
Nutrition Grouping Based on Needs
Based on nutritional needs divided into two major groups, namely:
Macro Nutrition:
Carbohydrates - Glucose; fiber.
Fat / lipid - Linoleic acid (omega-6); linolenic acid (omega-3).
Protein - Amino acids; leucine; isoleucine; lysine; methionine; phenylalanine; Threonine; valine; histidine; nonessential nitrogen.
Micro Nutrition Substances:
Minerals: Calcium; Phosphor; sodium; potassium; sulfur; chlorine; magnesium; iron; selenium; zinc; manganese; copper; cobalt; iodine; chrome fluorine; lead; nickel; silicon, arsenic, boron; vanadium, molybden.
Vitamins: Vitamin A (retinol); vitamin D (cholecalciferol); vitamin E (tocopherol); vitamin K; thiamine; riboflavin; niacin; biotin; folasin / folate; vitamin B6; vitamin B12; pantothenic acid; vitamin C.
Water and electrolytes.
Function of Macro Nutrition
Carbohydrate function:
Energy source for the needs of tissue cells in the body,
Protecting protein from being burned as an energy producer,
Help the process of fat and protein metabolism,
In the liver it functions as a detoxification of certain toxic substances,
Each carbohydrate has certain functions in the body
Useful for digestion in smoothing defecation
Amino acid forming material, normal metabolism of fat, saves protein, promotes the growth of intestinal bacteria, maintains bowel movements, increases consumption of protein, minerals and vitamin B.
Fat function:
As a source of energy
Is a hormone raw material
Helps transport fat-soluble vitamins
As an insulating material for temperature
As a protector of the internal organs
Protein Function:
As an enzyme forming material
Transport and storage devices
Movement control
Mechanical support
Growth control
Media for nerve impulse propagation
Function of Micro Nutrition
Vitamin function
Vitamins have specific functions according to specific functions as biocatalysts or as coenzymes. An example is as a coenzyme Metbolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins etc. Therefore, a deficiency of vitamin known as avitaminosis will adversely affect health and biological disorders of organs or systems.
Main Functions of Minerals:
As the main component of the body (structural element) or constituents of the skeleton of bones, teeth and muscles. Ca, P, Mg, Flour and Si for tooth formation are P and inorganic substances for the preparation of tissue proteins.
Is an element in body fluids or tissue, as an electrolyte that regulates osmasis pressure (Fluit balance), regulates acid-base balance and membrane permeability. Examples are Na, K, CI, Ca, and Mg.
As an activator or related in the role of enzymes and hormones.
The function of sodium for the body is as follows:
Helps maintain water, acid and base balance in extracellular fluid.
As a constituent of the fluid (sap) of the pancreas, bile, and sweat.
Important role in muscle contraction and nerve function.
Play a special role in carbohydrate absorption.
Symptoms of sodium deficiency are lethargy, nausea, vomiting, irritability, dizziness, loss of appetite, decreased growth, weight loss due to loss of body fluids, reduced milk production in breastfeeding mothers, diarrhea, muscle cramps. The level of sodium in the blood that falls below normal is called hyponatremia. Potassium in food and in the body is found in the form of K + ions either in solution or in the form of salt.
The function of potassium for the body is as follows:
Is an integral and essential part of every cell and is needed for cell growth.
In potassium cells help many biochemical reactions such as the release of energy from food, the synthesis of glycogen and protein.
Regulate osmotic pressure in cells and control the distribution of water between intracellular and extracellular fluids.
Maintain acid-base balance.
Important in transmitting nerve impulses.
Take part in the release of insulin and pancreas
Together with magnesium (Mg2 +) is important in muscle relaxation which is the opposite of muscle stimulation by Ca2 +.
A 1: 1 ratio between Na / K so that it can maintain the effect of high sodium intake.
Symptoms of calcium deficiency are dizziness, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, weak respiratory muscles, bloating and rapid heartbeat and no berturan. Potassium is found in many foods, especially in fruits and vegetables. Potassium is found in spinach, bananas, mushrooms, broccoli, milk, meat, tomatoes, cabbage and asparagus.