Issues Focus and Locus of State Administration
In Maurice Spiers' opinion approaches in state administration are mathematical approaches, human resources and general resources. Being according to Robert Presthus is an institutional, structural, behavioral, and post-behavioral approach. For Thomas J. Davy the approach in question consisted of managerial, psychological, political, and sociological.
The administrative process approach views administration as a work process that is used to achieve organizational goals. This approach is also often referred to as the operational approach.
An empirical approach would like to generalize on cases that have occurred successfully. This approach is often referred to as the experience approach.
The human behavior approach views that the achievement of organizational goals depends on the application of psychological principles. This approach has presented the human aspect as the main element of administration.
The social system approach views administration as a social system. Awareness of various organizational limitations can foster a spirit of cooperation among members of the organization.
The mathematical approach views mathematical models can be applied to administration, with the aim of forecasting.
The decision theory approach views decision making as the main function of administration. Initially this approach only discusses and evaluates alternatives in selecting actions to be taken, but then this approach also examines all organizational activities.
Commerce Administration
According to Prof. Dr. MR. S. Prajudi Admosudidjo in his book entitled "Business Administration or Business Administration" is an understanding that includes two notions into one, namely:
The Commercial Administration is the administration of a whole commercial organization, if the commercial organization is a company, the commercial administration is carried out by the Directors of the company.
Business Administration is an administration that pursues the achievement of business objectives (business objectives), in this sense, the trade administration is run by every manager in a commercial organization.
From this description it can be concluded that the Commercial Administration is a collaborative process of groups of people to achieve maximum profit / profit.
Administrative Development
As an art
The development of Administration as an art can be divided into two phases, namely:
Prehistoric Phase (can be seen from several civilizations)
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia has carried out some of the principles of administration and management, especially in the fields of government, trade, communication, transportation (river transportation) and the use of metals as a means of exchange, measuring and calculating tools which certainly facilitates trade.
Babylonian
Administration has been applied in the fields of government, trade, communication, transportation. The adm system in the field of technology has also been successful with the existence of a dependent park. In the Code of Hammurabi, the managerial guide line was set forth, the importance of effective leader style, in the construction of a 650 Feet babel tower, the Magnificient structures were erected, production and inventory control were employed.
Egypt
Decentralized system and use of advisory staff in 2000 BC, a historical heritage in the form of an estimated Paramida of 100,000 people for 20 years, this work requires a reliable administration system
China
Around 1100 BC China had realized the need for planning, organizing, leadership and supervision. Through confucion with ancient Chinese civil service adm and Chow who also served as prime minister managed to create what is called the Chow Constitution.
Roman
Pioneered by Cicero in the books "de officiis" and "de Legibus" (the Law) explained about the Roman government that succeeded in governing and controlling large areas with the division of governmental tasks in departments called "Mangitrates" led by magistrators. Besides that there is transportation adm, tax adm. By deocletian, the empire structure was organized and divided into 100 Provinces.
Catholic church
Has made a major contribution to the thinking of adm through the practice of adm especially in organizations 1000 years ago, contributing in terms of the hierarchy of authority, specialization of activities along functional lines and staff concepts.
Nicolo Machiaveli
Is a person who contributes individually to the development of administrative and management thinking, born in 14 69 he made a systematic analysis of the Prince's (manager) job and therefore developed prectical principles that are used today as it existed 500 years ago. In the Prince and the Discoources, Machiaveli 4 principles of leadership are:
The importance of Relying upon mass consent.
The prince adm leader authority comes from the adm given by subordinates.
No one becomes a leader without the consent of the followers.
Leaders must be Stive for cohesiveness in the organization.
As a science
Hennry Fayol's Experience and Research in Developing the Science of Administration
Efforts made by Henry Fayol in an effort to save the mining industry is experiencing a setback.
The reasons required are the practice and administration theory, as well as the efforts made by Henry Fayol to meet these needs.
The reason is needed teaching public administration with public habitat, according to Henry Fayol.
Henry Fayol's reason for advocating Administrative training for the leadership position.
The effort advocated by Henry Fayol to develop administrative theory.
The results of Henry Fayol's research
There are 6 activities of a business entity, where administration is part of the activity
There are administrative elements, as a guideline for the activities of a business entity
Fayol applies 14 general principles of Administration
Other Administrative Theories, for example.
One head for one body
Many brains to help
Unity of comnand and unity of direction,
The communication theory introduced by Fayol called Jalan Pintas
F.W Taylor's Experience and Research in Developing Management Administration Science
Experience and Research F.W. Taylor to increase the work productivity of the Workers at the Midvale Steel Company and Bethlehem. Based on his work achievements during his time working at the Midvale Steel Company, for 6 years he was promoted from ordinary workers, Chief Workers, Workers' Supervisors, Mechanic Chiefs, Chief Planners until he held a high position as Engineering / Engineers at the Midvale Company. .
Because of his success, he was asked to improve the Bethlehem Steel Company that was experiencing a setback. Based on his diligence he can successfully save this company from a bankruptcy.